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- <text id=90TT2492>
- <link 93XP0094>
- <link 93XP0005>
- <link 93HT0047>
- <link 93AC0527>
- <title>
- Sep. 17, 1990: Reopening The Gate Of America
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Sep. 17, 1990 The Rotting Of The Big Apple
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- HISTORY, Page 68
- Reopening the Gate of America
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Once the point of entry for millions of immigrants, then a
- ghostly ruin, Ellis Island begins a new life
- </p>
- <p> In 1906 H.G. Wells visited the great immigration center at
- Ellis Island, about a mile off the lower tip of Manhattan. The
- distinguished British writer and advance man for the future
- wanted to see for himself how arrivals from the Old World were
- ushered into the new one. He found the process strangely
- unceremonious. "On they go, from this pen to that," he wrote,
- "pen by pen, towards a desk at a little metal wicket--the
- gate of America."
- </p>
- <p> If Ellis Island was a paradox, a place where dreams bumped
- up against bureaucracy, it was no less a place where one of the
- most powerful currents of American life flowed by. Between 1892
- and 1924, 12 million immigrants first touched U.S. soil there.
- Forty percent of all Americans can look back to an ancestor who
- passed through its doors. Abandoned more than three decades
- ago, Ellis Island reopens its doors this week as pure, potent
- symbol. After a seven-year, $156 million restoration, the most
- expensive single refurbishment in the nation's history, the
- main building has been transformed into a monument to the
- majesty and pain of the immigrant experience.
- </p>
- <p> While many of the rooms have been restored as the bare
- examination chambers they once were, about half the sizable
- structure has been converted into the Ellis Island Museum of
- Immigration. There films, artifacts, oral histories and 1,500
- photographs will attempt to tell the story of not only the
- mostly European arrivals who passed through Ellis Island but
- also the millions who came during other eras, from other places
- and through other points of entry: Africans hauled by force to
- Southern slave markets, Latin Americans who trekked northward,
- Asians who flew into San Francisco.
- </p>
- <p> "So often when America builds a monument, it's to one great
- individual," says American University history professor Alan
- Kraut, who was an adviser on the project. "What is so special
- about Ellis Island is it really is a monument to the masses."
- The chief monument is the main building itself, a beaux arts
- structure with French Renaissance trappings that was erected
- in 1900 after fire destroyed an earlier terminal. Immigration
- dropped off sharply after Congress imposed restrictive quotas
- in the 1920s, and by 1954 Ellis Island was abandoned to the
- pigeons and vandals. Its revival was supervised by the Statue
- of Liberty-Ellis Island restoration project, which raised
- money from private and corporate contributions, and by the
- National Park Service, which owns the 27.5-acre island.
- </p>
- <p> The average time that immigrants spent in the main building
- was short (three to five hours) but fateful. After depositing
- their baggage, they headed for the immense, vaulted Registry
- Room on the second floor. The stairway climb was called the
- "60-second physical" because nurses and doctors were perched
- at the top to weed out anyone who looked short of breath--a
- possible sign of tuberculosis and heart disease. Then came more
- formal medical examinations and questions about the newcomers'
- politics. Anarchists and Bolsheviks were sent home. Others were
- singled out for further medical testing and possible expulsion.
- </p>
- <p> Eventually the would-be Americans found themselves at the
- other end of the hall, facing what came to be called the
- "staircase of separation." There they divided, some bound for
- New York City, some for cities elsewhere and a hapless third
- group diverted to detention rooms on the island. Only about 2%
- of arrivals were denied entry, mostly for reasons of health or
- politics, but during peak years it could be as many as 1,000
- a month.
- </p>
- <p> In its busiest year, 1907, more than 1.2 million people
- filed through that chamber. Now the place will be filled again:
- perhaps 1.5 million visitors are expected this year. "The idea
- is to let them muse on what the space was like," says architect
- John Belle, whose firm was one of two that shared the
- restoration work, "filled with a Babel of voices, with the
- people inching their way to the end." Once again, Ellis Island
- is to be the gate of America. This time, it opens onto the
- past.
- </p>
- <p>By Richard Lacayo. Reported by Daniel S. Levy/New York.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-